语言学导论 - 中国大学mooc
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
Test for Chapter 1
1、If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A、prescriptive
B、analytic
C、descriptive
D、linguistic
2、Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A、Arbitrariness
B、Displacement
C、Duality
D、Meaningfulness
3、Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A、primary
B、correct
C、secondary
D、stable
4、In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.
A、in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B、speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C、speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D、All of the above
5、A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A、synchronic
B、diachronic
C、prescriptive
D、comparative
6、Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A、sociological…psychological
B、psychological…sociological
C、applied… pragmatic
D、semantic and linguistic
7、According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A、parole
B、performance
C、langue
D、Language
8、Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A、sense
B、sounds
C、objects
D、ideas
9、Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A、displacement
B、duality
C、flexibility
D、cultural transmission
10、The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A、learning
B、teaching
C、books
D、both A and B
11、refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language in utterance.
A、Performance
B、Competence
C、Langue
D、Parole
12、By function people establish and maintain their status in society.
A、metalingual
B、phatic
C、performative
D、interpersonal
13、Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of .
A、syntax
B、semantics
C、pragmatics
D、applied linguistics
14、We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences including sentences we have never heard before because language is .
A、creative
B、limitless
C、arbitrary
D、resourceful
15、answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A、Psycholinguistics
B、Anthropological linguistics
C、Sociolinguistics
D、Biolinguistics
16、Language is .
A、instinctive
B、non-instinctive
C、static
D、genetically transmitted
17、"Water boils at 100 degress centigrade." The function of this sentence is .
A、phatic communion
B、informative
C、interpersonal
D、performative
18、"Nice day, isn't it?" What is the function of this sentence?
A、Phatic
B、Informative
C、Performative
D、Emotive
19、Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
20、Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
21、A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
22、In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
23、General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
24、General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
25、Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
26、Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
27、The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
28、Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
29、The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
30、Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
31、Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
32、Social changes can often bring about language changes.
33、Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
34、Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
35、Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
36、A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
37、Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.
38、The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.
39、Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s __________ of the rules of his language.
40、Langue refers to the __________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
41、_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
42、Language is a system of _________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
43、The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called ________.
44、Human capacity for language has a ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
45、____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
46、Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as ________ linguistics.
47、Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
48、Linguistics is generally defined as the ____ study of language.
49、We can use language to talk about language itself. This function is function
50、Modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguists try to discover what language is rather than lay down rules for people to observe.
51、The founder of modern linguistics is .
52、Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a perspective.
53、The fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discusses by .
54、The function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that language serves to establish and maintain social relations.
55、Modern linguistics gives priority to the form of language.
56、Language is a , i.e., elements in it are combined according to rules. Every language contains a set of rules.
Homework for Chapter 1
1、What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Test for Chapter 2
1、Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
2、The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A、voiceless
B、voiced
C、vowel
D、consonantal
3、__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A、/z/
B、/d/
C、/k/
D、/b/
4、The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A、identical
B、same
C、exactly alike
D、similar
5、Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A、in phonemic contrast
B、in complementary distribution
C、the allophones
D、minimal pair
6、The sound /f/ is _________________.
A、voiced palatal affricate
B、voiced alveolar stop
C、voiceless velar fricative
D、voiceless labiodental fricative
7、A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A、back
B、central
C、front
D、middle
8、Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A、phonetic components
B、immediate constituents
C、suprasegmental features
D、semantic features
9、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
10、The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A、phones
B、sounds
C、phonemes
D、allophones
11、Which of the following is not the instance of assimilation?
A、Nasalization
B、Variation
C、Dentalization
D、Palatalization
12、The oral consonants are different from the nasal consonants in terms of .
A、the position of the velum
B、the place of articulation
C、the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration
D、the manner of articulation
13、The front vowels are different from the back vowels in terms of .
A、the shape of the lips
B、the tongue position
C、the state of the soft palate
D、the tension of the muscles of pharynx
14、The sound [e] is vowel.
A、a nasal front low unrounded
B、a nasal mid back unrounded
C、an oral high back vowel
D、an oral front mid unrounded
15、can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
A、Phones
B、Sounds
C、Phonemes
D、Allophones
16、In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [d], [n] share the feature .
A、palatal
B、alveolar
C、bilabial
D、dental
17、is a typical tone language.
A、English
B、Chinese
C、French
D、Germany
18、The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are sounds.
A、voiced
B、voiceless
C、vowel
D、consonantal
19、The vowel in should be nasalized according to the assimilation rule.
A、tea
B、peep
C、flee
D、bean
20、According to rule, the word sign should be pronounced as [sain].
A、deletion
B、sequential
C、assimilation
D、suprasegmental
21、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
22、If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
23、A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
24、English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
25、In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
26、In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
27、Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
28、The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
29、Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
30、English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
31、According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
32、Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
33、According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
34、Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
35、Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
36、Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
37、A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
38、When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
39、The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
40、Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
41、[h] is described as a glottal fricative.
42、When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
43、All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
44、The location of stress in English sentences sometimes distinguishes meaning.
45、All vowels are voiced.
46、In terms of phonetics, any segment must be either a vowel or a consonant.
47、A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics.
48、Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
49、The long vowels are all tense vowels.
50、Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.
51、____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
52、____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
53、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all _______ sounds.
54、Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
55、English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of ____ of articulation.
56、When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a ________.
57、_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
58、The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called ____ rules.
59、The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _________ transcription.
60、When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as _________.
61、______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
62、The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the _______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
63、____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
64、Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and _________ stress.
65、An aspirated "p" and unaspirated "p" are of the phoneme /p/.
66、When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a .
67、A syllable that has no is called an open syllable.
68、In English there are a number of , which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.
69、The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.
70、The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called , which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.
71、refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
72、The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article a when it appears before a word orange is known as .
73、transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
74、Nasalization, dentalization and devoicing are all instnaces of , a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.
75、The rule tells us when a sound is to be omitted although it is orthographically represented.
Homework for Chapter 2
1、What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
Chapter 3 Morphology
Test for Chapter 3
1、The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
2、The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______.
A、is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B、can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C、is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D、None of the above.
3、The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.
A、the first element
B、the second element
C、either the first or the second element
D、both the first and the second elements.
4、_______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A、Free morphemes
B、Bound morphemes
C、Bound words
D、Words
5、_____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A、Syntax
B、Grammar
C、Morphology
D、Morpheme
6、The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A、lexical
B、morphemic
C、grammatical
D、semantic
7、Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A、have to be used independently
B、can not be combined with other morphemes
C、can either be free or bound
D、have to be combined with other morphemes.
8、____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A、Prefixes
B、Suffixes
C、Roots
D、Affixes
9、_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A、Words
B、Morphemes
C、Phonemes
D、Sentences
10、“-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A、a derivative affix
B、a stem
C、an inflectional affix
D、a root
11、is a kind of abbreviation by shortening longer words or phrases.
A、Creation
B、Acronym
C、Clipping
D、Blending
12、Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are .
A、stems
B、affixes
C、suffixes
D、prefixes
13、Each language has grammatical words serving to link different parts of the language together. Grammatical words are also known as .
A、function words
B、content words
C、lexical words
D、link words
14、The word below is not a compound.
A、sunflower
B、moonwalk
C、friendship
D、miniskirt
15、Which of the following is NOT a pre-determiner?
A、all
B、three times
C、half
D、that
16、Bound morphemes do not include .
A、roots
B、prefixes
C、suffixes
D、words
17、first suggested treating sentence as "the maximum free form" and the word "the minimal free form".
A、Bloomfield
B、Quirk
C、Whorf
D、Saussure
18、New words and expression can be created through the following processes EXCEPT .
A、blending
B、convention
C、analogy
D、back-formation
19、Language has been changing, and changes are the most obvious.
A、phonology
B、lexicon
C、syntax
D、semantics
20、TV is formed in the way of .
A、acronymy
B、clipping
C、initialism
D、blending
21、Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
22、Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
23、Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
24、The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
25、Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
26、Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
27、The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
28、Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
29、There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
30、Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
31、In English, there is usually one productive inflectional affix per word, but multiple derivational affixes are allowed.
32、All free morphemes are roots.
33、Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.
34、All adverbs can be said to be lexical words.
35、Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.
36、-ing and -ed are both inflectional affixes.
37、Some new words are created simply by changing their part of speech. The process involved is called affixation.
38、A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.
39、Not all affixes are bound morphemes.
40、Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure.
41、Morpheme is both a grammatical and a semantic concept.
42、All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.
43、Inflectional affixes serve to create new words.
44、All bound morphemes are affixes.
45、Inflectional affixes nerve cause a change in grammatical class.
46、If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending.
47、Coinage refers to the process in which previously non-existent words keep entering a language.
48、In spite of orthographic abbreviations, the pronunciation of the shortened words are not changed.
49、Words only with the same grammatical category can be linked as a compound.
50、A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
51、____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
52、The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a ____ meaning.
53、______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
54、Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and ____ affixes.
55、______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
56、A ______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
57、______ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
58、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called ____ rules.
59、In terms of morphemic analysis, ____ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
60、A ____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
61、is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of two words.
62、The affixes occuring at the beginning of a word are called .
63、is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
64、is a process in which part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
65、Some morpheme are in that they must be joined to other morphemes, or they need not be attached to other morphemes
66、is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
67、The affix -s in the word boys conveys a meaning.
68、is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed.
69、The root of the word international is .
70、The morpheme that can be expressed as a word is a .
71、are phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes.
72、is the main source of English words.
73、have no meaning or incomplete meaning but only help the main verbs to realize their grammatical functions.
74、A is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
75、is the smallest unit that can constitute by itself a complete utterance.
Homework for Chapter 3
1、What are the main features of the English compounds?
Test for Chapter 1
1、If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A、prescriptive
B、analytic
C、descriptive
D、linguistic
2、Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A、Arbitrariness
B、Displacement
C、Duality
D、Meaningfulness
3、Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A、primary
B、correct
C、secondary
D、stable
4、In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.
A、in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B、speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C、speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D、All of the above
5、A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A、synchronic
B、diachronic
C、prescriptive
D、comparative
6、Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A、sociological…psychological
B、psychological…sociological
C、applied… pragmatic
D、semantic and linguistic
7、According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A、parole
B、performance
C、langue
D、Language
8、Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A、sense
B、sounds
C、objects
D、ideas
9、Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A、displacement
B、duality
C、flexibility
D、cultural transmission
10、The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.
A、learning
B、teaching
C、books
D、both A and B
11、refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language in utterance.
A、Performance
B、Competence
C、Langue
D、Parole
12、By function people establish and maintain their status in society.
A、metalingual
B、phatic
C、performative
D、interpersonal
13、Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of .
A、syntax
B、semantics
C、pragmatics
D、applied linguistics
14、We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences including sentences we have never heard before because language is .
A、creative
B、limitless
C、arbitrary
D、resourceful
15、answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A、Psycholinguistics
B、Anthropological linguistics
C、Sociolinguistics
D、Biolinguistics
16、Language is .
A、instinctive
B、non-instinctive
C、static
D、genetically transmitted
17、"Water boils at 100 degress centigrade." The function of this sentence is .
A、phatic communion
B、informative
C、interpersonal
D、performative
18、"Nice day, isn't it?" What is the function of this sentence?
A、Phatic
B、Informative
C、Performative
D、Emotive
19、Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
20、Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
21、A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
22、In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.
23、General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
24、General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
25、Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
26、Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
27、The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
28、Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
29、The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
30、Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
31、Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
32、Social changes can often bring about language changes.
33、Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
34、Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
35、Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
36、A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
37、Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.
38、The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.
39、Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s __________ of the rules of his language.
40、Langue refers to the __________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
41、_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
42、Language is a system of _________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
43、The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called ________.
44、Human capacity for language has a ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
45、____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
46、Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as ________ linguistics.
47、Language is ___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
48、Linguistics is generally defined as the ____ study of language.
49、We can use language to talk about language itself. This function is function
50、Modern linguistics is in the sense that the linguists try to discover what language is rather than lay down rules for people to observe.
51、The founder of modern linguistics is .
52、Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language, and it will be possible to describe language from a perspective.
53、The fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discusses by .
54、The function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that language serves to establish and maintain social relations.
55、Modern linguistics gives priority to the form of language.
56、Language is a , i.e., elements in it are combined according to rules. Every language contains a set of rules.
Homework for Chapter 1
1、What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Test for Chapter 2
1、Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
2、The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A、voiceless
B、voiced
C、vowel
D、consonantal
3、__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A、/z/
B、/d/
C、/k/
D、/b/
4、The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A、identical
B、same
C、exactly alike
D、similar
5、Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.
A、in phonemic contrast
B、in complementary distribution
C、the allophones
D、minimal pair
6、The sound /f/ is _________________.
A、voiced palatal affricate
B、voiced alveolar stop
C、voiceless velar fricative
D、voiceless labiodental fricative
7、A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A、back
B、central
C、front
D、middle
8、Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.
A、phonetic components
B、immediate constituents
C、suprasegmental features
D、semantic features
9、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
A、phone
B、sound
C、allophone
D、phoneme
10、The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A、phones
B、sounds
C、phonemes
D、allophones
11、Which of the following is not the instance of assimilation?
A、Nasalization
B、Variation
C、Dentalization
D、Palatalization
12、The oral consonants are different from the nasal consonants in terms of .
A、the position of the velum
B、the place of articulation
C、the presence or absence of vocal-cord vibration
D、the manner of articulation
13、The front vowels are different from the back vowels in terms of .
A、the shape of the lips
B、the tongue position
C、the state of the soft palate
D、the tension of the muscles of pharynx
14、The sound [e] is vowel.
A、a nasal front low unrounded
B、a nasal mid back unrounded
C、an oral high back vowel
D、an oral front mid unrounded
15、can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
A、Phones
B、Sounds
C、Phonemes
D、Allophones
16、In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t], [d], [n] share the feature .
A、palatal
B、alveolar
C、bilabial
D、dental
17、is a typical tone language.
A、English
B、Chinese
C、French
D、Germany
18、The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are sounds.
A、voiced
B、voiceless
C、vowel
D、consonantal
19、The vowel in should be nasalized according to the assimilation rule.
A、tea
B、peep
C、flee
D、bean
20、According to rule, the word sign should be pronounced as [sain].
A、deletion
B、sequential
C、assimilation
D、suprasegmental
21、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.
22、If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
23、A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
24、English is a tone language while Chinese is not.
25、In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
26、In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
27、Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
28、The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
29、Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
30、English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
31、According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
32、Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
33、According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
34、Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
35、Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
36、Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
37、A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
38、When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
39、The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
40、Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.
41、[h] is described as a glottal fricative.
42、When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
43、All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
44、The location of stress in English sentences sometimes distinguishes meaning.
45、All vowels are voiced.
46、In terms of phonetics, any segment must be either a vowel or a consonant.
47、A phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonetics.
48、Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
49、The long vowels are all tense vowels.
50、Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.
51、____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
52、____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
53、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all _______ sounds.
54、Of all the speech organs, the ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
55、English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of ____ of articulation.
56、When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a ________.
57、_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
58、The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called ____ rules.
59、The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _________ transcription.
60、When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as _________.
61、______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
62、The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the _______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
63、____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
64、Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and _________ stress.
65、An aspirated "p" and unaspirated "p" are of the phoneme /p/.
66、When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a .
67、A syllable that has no is called an open syllable.
68、In English there are a number of , which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.
69、The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the and the lips.
70、The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called , which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.
71、refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.
72、The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article a when it appears before a word orange is known as .
73、transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
74、Nasalization, dentalization and devoicing are all instnaces of , a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.
75、The rule tells us when a sound is to be omitted although it is orthographically represented.
Homework for Chapter 2
1、What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
Chapter 3 Morphology
Test for Chapter 3
1、The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
2、The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound ______.
A、is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B、can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C、is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D、None of the above.
3、The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.
A、the first element
B、the second element
C、either the first or the second element
D、both the first and the second elements.
4、_______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A、Free morphemes
B、Bound morphemes
C、Bound words
D、Words
5、_____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A、Syntax
B、Grammar
C、Morphology
D、Morpheme
6、The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A、lexical
B、morphemic
C、grammatical
D、semantic
7、Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A、have to be used independently
B、can not be combined with other morphemes
C、can either be free or bound
D、have to be combined with other morphemes.
8、____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A、Prefixes
B、Suffixes
C、Roots
D、Affixes
9、_____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A、Words
B、Morphemes
C、Phonemes
D、Sentences
10、“-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A、a derivative affix
B、a stem
C、an inflectional affix
D、a root
11、is a kind of abbreviation by shortening longer words or phrases.
A、Creation
B、Acronym
C、Clipping
D、Blending
12、Those that affect the syntactic category and the meaning of the root as well are .
A、stems
B、affixes
C、suffixes
D、prefixes
13、Each language has grammatical words serving to link different parts of the language together. Grammatical words are also known as .
A、function words
B、content words
C、lexical words
D、link words
14、The word below is not a compound.
A、sunflower
B、moonwalk
C、friendship
D、miniskirt
15、Which of the following is NOT a pre-determiner?
A、all
B、three times
C、half
D、that
16、Bound morphemes do not include .
A、roots
B、prefixes
C、suffixes
D、words
17、first suggested treating sentence as "the maximum free form" and the word "the minimal free form".
A、Bloomfield
B、Quirk
C、Whorf
D、Saussure
18、New words and expression can be created through the following processes EXCEPT .
A、blending
B、convention
C、analogy
D、back-formation
19、Language has been changing, and changes are the most obvious.
A、phonology
B、lexicon
C、syntax
D、semantics
20、TV is formed in the way of .
A、acronymy
B、clipping
C、initialism
D、blending
21、Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
22、Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
23、Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
24、The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
25、Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
26、Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
27、The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
28、Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
29、There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.
30、Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
31、In English, there is usually one productive inflectional affix per word, but multiple derivational affixes are allowed.
32、All free morphemes are roots.
33、Clipping refers to the process whereby a word is shortened without a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.
34、All adverbs can be said to be lexical words.
35、Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.
36、-ing and -ed are both inflectional affixes.
37、Some new words are created simply by changing their part of speech. The process involved is called affixation.
38、A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.
39、Not all affixes are bound morphemes.
40、Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure.
41、Morpheme is both a grammatical and a semantic concept.
42、All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.
43、Inflectional affixes serve to create new words.
44、All bound morphemes are affixes.
45、Inflectional affixes nerve cause a change in grammatical class.
46、If two or more separate words are conjoined to produce a form which is used as a single word, the combining process is known as blending.
47、Coinage refers to the process in which previously non-existent words keep entering a language.
48、In spite of orthographic abbreviations, the pronunciation of the shortened words are not changed.
49、Words only with the same grammatical category can be linked as a compound.
50、A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.
51、____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
52、The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a ____ meaning.
53、______ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
54、Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and ____ affixes.
55、______ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
56、A ______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
57、______ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
58、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called ____ rules.
59、In terms of morphemic analysis, ____ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
60、A ____ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
61、is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of two words.
62、The affixes occuring at the beginning of a word are called .
63、is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
64、is a process in which part of the form is native and the rest has been borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.
65、Some morpheme are in that they must be joined to other morphemes, or they need not be attached to other morphemes
66、is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
67、The affix -s in the word boys conveys a meaning.
68、is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed.
69、The root of the word international is .
70、The morpheme that can be expressed as a word is a .
71、are phonological or orthographic forms which realize morphemes.
72、is the main source of English words.
73、have no meaning or incomplete meaning but only help the main verbs to realize their grammatical functions.
74、A is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
75、is the smallest unit that can constitute by itself a complete utterance.
Homework for Chapter 3
1、What are the main features of the English compounds?