Physiology for Medical or Life Sciences - 中国大学mooc
The First Week: Introduction for Physiology and Transmembrane Transportation
The First Week: Introduction for Physiology and Transmembrane Transportation
1、The physiological importance of positive feedback control is
A、promote an activity to finish
B、maintenance of the homeostasis of internal environment
C、promote the growth and development of organism
D、independent of the neural and humoral regulation
2、As the arterial pressure vibrates at 80 - 120 mmHg, the renal blood flow does not change. If you want to prove the hypothesis that this property of the renal blood flow is dependent on the autoregulation of the blood vessels, which kind of experimen you should performe?
A、acute and in vitro physiological experiment.
B、acute and in vivo physiological experiment.
C、cell culture
D、histological experiment
3、The mechanism of the life could be disclosed intensively and clearly through the experiments at the level of
A、cell and molecule
B、tissue and organ
C、organ and system
D、whole organism
4、The capillary bed open as the metablites accumulate following the enhanced metablitic activity of local tissue. It is controlled by
A、local humoral regulaiton
B、neural regulation
C、distal humoral regulation
D、neural-humoral regulation
5、Which kind of molecules or ions could be transported across the membrane independent on the integral protein.
A、gas molecules such as CO2 and O2
B、glucose
C、Na+
D、protein
6、The correct description about homeostasis include:
A、The internal environment of healthy individual is in the state of homeostasis.
B、The loss of homeostasis might induce illness or even death.
C、One of the importance of the clinical treatment is to restore the homeostasis of the patient.
D、Negative feedback system maintains the internal environment at homeostasis.
7、The properties of the conditioned reflex include
A、the number is infinite
B、dependent on the environment the individual lives in
C、congenital
D、fixed reflex
8、Which one below could act as humoral regulating factor in blood.
A、glucose
B、CO2
C、O2
D、thyroid hormones
9、The properties of the humoral regulation include
A、response slowly
B、acts extensively
C、dependent on the neural regulation
D、acts transiently
10、The properties of the secondary active transport include
A、transportation uphill against the concentration gradient.
B、coupled with facilitated passive transport
C、chemical specificity
D、the transporter is ATPase
The Second Week: The Bioelectrical Physiology on Plasma Membrane
The Second Week: The Bioelectrical Physiology on Plasma Membrane
1、At resting state, the concentration gradient of K+across the cell membrane is constant, while there is current across membrane. This is because
A、the activity of Na+/K+ pump.
B、the Na+ influx is identical to K+ outflux.
C、the transmembrane flux is too small to change the concentration gradient of K+.
D、the activity of Ca2+ pump.
2、If the membrane potential is fixed from resting potential to -9 mv, which kind of membrane could be recorded
A、early transit influx and later long-lasting outfulx.
B、stable influx.
C、stable outfulx.
D、early transit outflux and late long-lasting influx.
3、The depolarization phase of AP is attributed to
A、Na+ influx
B、K+ outflux
C、Na+ outflux
D、K+ outflux
4、Whether or not a stimulation could induce AP on the excitable membrane is determined by
A、strength
B、duration
C、rate of the change of the stimulation.
D、the property of the stimulation.
5、The stimulation that could induce action potential should be
A、threshold stimulation
B、suprathreshold stimulation
C、subthreshold stimulation
D、none of all.
6、The voltage clamp could
A、fix the membrane potential at any level.
B、record the membrane current.
C、record the change of membrane potential
D、record single channel current
7、The plasma membrane of neuron at resting state is permeable only to K+.
8、The stimulation most used in physiological experiments is electrical stimulation.
9、The local current and local potential is the basis for the propagation of action potential on the membrane.
10、If AP was initiated at cell body on an afferent neuron, it will propagate to the axon ending.
The Third Week: Muscle contraction and Blood
The Third Week: Muscle contraction and Blood
1、A baby will suffer neonatal hemolytic anemia if the blood of
A、his mother is Rh- and his blood is Rh+
B、his mother is Rh+ and his blood is Rh+
C、his mother is Rh+ and his blood is Rh-
D、his mother is Rh- and his blood is Rh-
2、The red blood cells of a patient coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of type B blood, but the red blood cells from type B blood does not coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of this patient. The blood type of this patient is
A、AB
B、A
C、B
D、O
3、Which description is correct about thrombin?
A、promote the decomposition of fibrinogen into fibrin.
B、is glutamic acid transferase
C、polymerize the fibrin monomer molecules into long fibrin fibers.
D、combine with Factor VII and Ca2+
4、The spontaneous blood spot is always appeared in patient with the decreased number of platelets in blood. It is because
A、There are too less platelets to maintain the integrity of blood vessel endothelium.
B、There are too less platelet to aggregate into platelet plug.
C、There are too less platelet to release enough vascular active substances.
D、There are too less platelet to induce vascular spasm.
5、The anticoagulants effect of sodium citrate is attributed to
A、complexation of Ca2+ in the plasma.
B、promoting the effect of antithrombin III
C、inhibiting the activity of thrombin.
D、neutralizing the acidic clotting factors
6、Thick filament is conposed of
A、myosin
B、actin
C、tropomyosin
D、troponin
7、The preload affect the performance of muscle contraction through
A、autoregulation
B、neural regulation
C、humoral regulation
D、neuro-humoral regulation.
8、The maximal active tension the muscle could develp at the optimal initial length, this is because
A、at this initial lenght, the most number of cross bridge could be involved in the filament sliding.
B、at this initial length, the concentration of Ca2+ in the intracllular fluid reaches the highest.
C、at this initial length, the speed of the filament sliding is fastest.
D、at this initial length, the ATPase at the myosin head is most active.
9、The tetanus of skeletal muscle is due to
A、summation of twitich during muscle contraction.
B、summation of the successive subthreshold stimulation.
C、summation of action potentials during muscle contraction
D、summation of action potential during muscle relaxation.
E、summation of twitch during muscle relaxation.
10、During the tetanus, the action potential on the muscle membrane
A、could not be summated.
B、appear after the former action potential initiates contraction.
C、the amplitude will incease.
D、the amplitude will decrease.
E、the frequency will decrease.
11、the initial length of the muscle is dependent on
A、preload.
B、active tension.
C、the difference between the preload and afterload.
D、afterload.
E、sum of preload and afterload.
12、during resting state, which molecule provents the binding between myosin head and actin.
A、tropomyosin
B、myosin
C、troponin
D、actin
13、In the sciatic nerve - sartorius experiments, the fatigue of muscle contraction after successive stimulation of nerve fiber is caused by
A、the inhibition of the signal transmission at neuro-muscle junction.
B、the decrease of the action potential amplitude.
C、the decreae of the speed action potential propagates on the nerve fiber.
D、the low excitability of the muscle.
E、the decreased efficiency of the signal transmission at triad of the sarcolemma.
14、Which one of the below description is not correct if the aterload of the muscle is increaed while preload is maintained constant.
A、the amplitude of the muscle shorten will be increased.
B、the active tension of the muscle will increae.
C、the latency between the action potential initiation and the muscle shorting will be longer.
D、the velocity of the muscle shorten will be decreasd.
15、Which part of heart has fastest conduction?
A、Purkinje network
B、SA node
C、AV node
D、His bundle
16、The reasons why the blood does not coagulated in healthy vessels include
A、the speed of the blood flow is fast
B、the intravascular membrane is integrated and smooth
C、the effect of fibrinolysis system in the blood
D、the effect of anticoagulant system in the blood
17、The process of hemostasis following the rupture of blood vessels include
A、vescular spam
B、formation of platelet plug
C、blood clot contraction
D、repair of the blood vessels
18、The effects of platelet in the hemostasis include
A、adhere to the collagen fiber under the endothelium.
B、release of ADP and TXA2 to promote more platelets to aggregate.
C、release TXA2 to enhance vascular spam.
D、release of PF3 to promote coagulation.
19、The clotting factors that synthesized in liver in the presence of Vit K include
A、FII
B、FVII
C、FIX
D、FX
20、The chemicals that could prevent blood coagulation include
A、potassium oxalate or ammonium oxalate.
B、heparin.
C、sodium citrate
D、Bishydroxycoumarin
21、The anticoagulant system in the blood is consist of
A、TFPI
B、antithrombin
C、heparin
D、protein C system
22、Mysin head could bind with
A、ATP
B、actin
C、tropomysin
D、troponin
23、Thin filament is composed of
A、actin
B、tropomyosin
C、troponin
D、mysini
24、The commom properties of the skeletal and cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling include
A、AP on the membrane initiates muscle contraction.
B、Rhydonine receptor controls Ca2+ release from sarcoplamic reticulum.
C、Excitation-contraction coupling is dependent on the Ca2+ influx.
D、DPH recepor on the transverse tubule is voltage dependent Ca2+ channel.
25、Clotting factor VII initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
26、The transverse tubule of the sarcolemma is belong to the intracellular membrane system.
27、The Rhynodine receptor on the longitudinal tubule of the cardiac musle controls the Ca2+ influx from extracellular fluid.
The Fourth Week: Cardiac Physiology
The Fourth Week: Cardiac Physiology
1、Which of the following contains blood with a relatively high oxygen content?
A、right ventricle
B、left ventricle
C、superior vena cava
D、right atrium
2、During isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles:
A、Aortic blood flow is reversed
B、When both ventricles reach the same pressure their respective outflow valves open
C、Ventricular pressure rises rapidly
D、The pulmonary valve is not yet shut
3、During the cardiac cycle,
A、the volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side.
B、the duration of systole is greater than that of diastole.
C、the pressure of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than that leaving the left side.
D、the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole.
4、When do the A-V valves close during the cardiac cycle?
A、when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
B、when pressure inside the atria is greater than that inside the ventricles
C、when pressure is greater in the aorta than in the left ventricle
D、when pressure inside the ventricles is at its lowest
5、Which of the following events occurs at the end of the period of ventricular ejection?
A、A-V valves close
B、Pulmonary valve closes
C、Aortic valve opens
D、A-V valves open
6、Cardiac output
A、B and C.
B、is the volume of blood pumped per minute by both ventricles.
C、is product of the number of heartbeats per minute and the volume pumped per beat.
D、varies with sex, age, and exercise.
7、In a resting adult, the typical ventricular ejection fraction has what value?
A、20%
B、40%
C、60%
D、80%
8、Which of the following events is associated with the first heart sound?
A、Beginning of diastole
B、Closing of the aortic valve
C、Inrushing of blood into the ventricles during diastole
D、Closing of the A-V valves
9、In which of the following disorders would left ventricular hypertrophy （肥大）normally occur?
A、Aortic stenosis (狭窄)
B、Mitral stenosis (狭窄)
C、Tricuspid regurgitation（反流）
D、Pulmonary valve regurgitation（反流）
10、What will happen to the cardiac output if the afterload of heart (BP) is increased?
A、The cardiac output will increase
B、The cardiac output will never decrease
C、The cardiac output will not decrease until the mean arterial pressure rises above about 160 mmHg
D、The cardiac output will decrease
11、In exercise condition, cardiac output is mainly regulated by
A、heterometric regulation
B、homometric regulation
C、afterload
D、preload
12、Which statement about the normal cardiac cycle is right?
A、Atrium and ventricle contracts simultaneously
B、Atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes open simultaneously
C、The atrial pressure is lower than ventricular pressure
D、Atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes close simultaneously
13、What is the effect of Verapamil (a Calcium channel blocker) on the action potential of Purkinje cell?
A、The amplitude of phase 0 depolarization reduces
B、The duration of phase 2 repolarization decreases
C、The duration of phase 1 repolarization decreases
D、The duration of phase 3 repolarization decreases
14、The cardiac output:
A、Is the most perfect indicator to be used for assessment of work output of the heart.
B、Is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
C、CO=SV/EDV ⅹ 100%
D、Is largely determined by the end-diastolic volume.
15、S2 sound is the marker of
A、ventricular isometric contraction
B、ventricular isometric relaxation
C、ventricular filling
D、atrium contraction
16、The duration of effective refractory period of ventricular cell mainly depends on：
A、level of threshold potential
B、amplitude of phase 0 depolarization
C、function of Na+ -K+ pump
D、duration of phase 2 (plateau)
17、What kinds of channels open during the phase 2 of the ventricular action potential?
A、Na+ channel and Cl- channel
B、Na+ channel and Ca2+ channel
C、Ca2+ channel and K+ channel
D、Na+ channel and K+ channel
18、Which one is not right about the refractory period of the cardiac working cells?
A、Covers the period of contraction and part of the relaxation of the ventricular muscle
B、Sets the sequence of the contraction of atrium and ventricular muscle
C、Makes the ventricular muscle systole and diastole occur alternately
D、The duration is about 250 msec, longer than that of skeletal muscle
19、In which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is the potassium permeability the highest?
A、Phase 3
B、Phase 1
C、Phase 2
D、Phase 4
20、Which one of the following is not the characteristic of cardiacNa+ Channels?
A、very fast opening
B、responsible for initiating and propagating the action potential in fast response cells
C、threshold potential is –40mV
D、not Tetrodotoxin sensitive
21、Which of the following is most likely to cause the heart to go into spastic contraction?
A、Increased sympathetic activity
B、Increased body temperature
C、Excess extracellular fluid calcium ions
D、Decreased extracellular fluid potassium ions
22、Which of the following conditions will result in a flaccid heart?
A、Excess calcium ions in the blood
B、Excess sodium ions in the blood
C、Excess potassium ions in the blood
D、Increased sympathetic stimulation
23、Cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle because:
A、Fast Na+ Channels
B、Presence of actin and myosin
C、Na+-K+ pump
D、Slow Ca2+ Channels
24、The precondition for excitability of S-A node cell is:
A、Fast Na+ channel is in open state
B、Slow Ca2+ channel is in resting state
C、Fast Na+ channel is in resting state
D、Slow Ca2+ channel is in open state
25、If the ventricular Purkinje fibers become the pacemaker of the heart, what is the expected heart rate?
A、50/min
B、75/min
C、30/min
D、100/min
26、Which area allows the atria to completely empty as the ventricles fill with blood?
A、A-V bundle
B、S-A node
C、A-V node
D、Purkinje fibers
27、Which part of heart has fastest conduction?
A、AV node
B、Purkinje network
C、SA node
D、His bundle
The Fifth Week: Vascular Physiology and Cardiovascular Control
The Fifth Week: Vascular Physiology and Cardiovascular Control
1、Which part provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?
A、Aorta
B、Arteriole
C、Venules
D、Capillaries
2、Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
A、Increased end-diastolic volume.
B、Increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle.
C、Increased venous return.
D、Increased length of filling time during diastole.
3、Release of which of the following substances causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during anaphylactic shock?
A、Nitric oxide （一氧化氮）
B、Bradykinin （缓激肽）
C、Histamine （组胺）
D、Atrial natriuretic peptide （心房钠尿肽）
4、A 30-year-old male is resting, and his sympathetic output increases to maximal values. Which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to this increased sympathetic output?
A、Resistance to venous return↓, Mean systemic filling pressure↓
B、Resistance to venous return↑, Mean systemic filling pressure↓.
C、Resistance to venous return↑, Mean systemic filling pressure↑.
D、Resistance to venous return↓, Mean systemic filling pressure↑.
5、A healthy 28-year-old woman stands up from a supine position. Moving from a supine to a standing position results in a transient decrease in arterial pressure that is detected by arterial baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. Which of the following sets of cardiovascular changes is most likely to occur in response to activation of the baroreceptors?
A、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
B、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
C、Mean circulatory filling pressure↑, Strength of cardiac contraction↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
D、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↓.
6、A 22-year-old man enters the hospital emergency room after severing a major artery in a motorcycle accident. It is estimated that he has lost approximately 700 ml of blood. His blood pressure is 90/55 mm Hg. Which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to hemorrhage in this man?
A、Heart rate↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↓.
B、Heart rate↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↓, Total peripheral resistance↓.
C、Heart rate↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↑.
D、Heart rate↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↑.
7、A 70-year-old man enters the hospital emergency department and has been experiencing severe diarrhea（腹泻）. He has pallor, tachycardia, and an arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. Which of the following therapies would the physician recommend to prevent shock?
A、Blood infusion
B、Administration of an antihistamine（抗组胺药）
C、Infusion of a sympathomimetic drug （拟交感神经药）
D、Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution
8、The increase in heart rate caused by seeing a wild dog run after you is probably the result of the _____.
A、medullary accelerator center
B、increase in blood pressure
C、sympathetic nerves
D、Hypothalamus
9、If a patient undergoing spinal anesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice?
A、Infusion of sympathomimetic drug
B、Plasma infusion
C、Saline infusion
D、Blood infusion
10、Sympathetic stimulation of the heart normally causes which of the following conditions?
A、Acetylcholine release at the sympathetic endings
B、Decreased heart rate
C、Decreased force of contraction of the atria
D、Increased force of contraction of the ventricles
11、Which nerve does not keep tonic discharge during the physiological state?
A、Sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber
B、Sympathetic vasodilator fiber
C、Noradrenergic（产去甲肾上腺素的） sympathetic cardiac fiber
D、Cholinergic(类胆碱的) vagal cardiac fiber
12、Filariasis(丝虫病) causes edema by
A、blocking the lymphatic drainage
B、decreasing the plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C、increasing the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D、increasing the capillary pressure
13、Norepinephrine increases the ventricular contractility by increasing the permeability of
A、Na+ channel
B、K+ channel
C、Ca2+ channel
D、Cl- channel
14、Which factor does NOT influence the venous return?
A、Cardiac contractility
B、Position of the body
C、Elasticity of the Windkessel vessel
D、Action of “muscular pump”
15、The arterial blood pressure:
A、Depends solely on the cardiac output.
B、The mean arterial pressure of a normal young adult averages about 100 mmHg.
C、Is due to the vascular resistance of the capillaries.
D、Is the arithmetic average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.
16、The elasticity of the Windkessel vessel mainly influence
A、pulse pressure
B、Systolic pressure (Ps)
C、Diastole pressure (Pd)
D、peripheral venous pressure
17、During the cardiac cycle of a normal healthy young adult:
A、During ventricular diastole the pressure in the left ventricle is close to 80 mm Hg (10.6 kPa).
B、During ventricular systole, all the blood in the ventricles is ejected.
C、At the end of ejection, the blood pressure reached the highest level.
D、During the initial stage of ventricular contraction the volume of the ventricle does not change.
18、Concerning the nervous regulation of the circulation:
A、The baroreceptors are mainly responsible for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
B、If the arterial pressure suddenly falls the baroreceptor reflex increases the heart rate.
C、The baroreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies.
D、The control center of cardiovascular system is the spinal cord.
19、Which of the following organs is able to tolerate the greatest restriction in blood flow?
A、brain
B、heart
C、skin
D、skeletal muscles
20、The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by
A、the turbulent flow of blood through an artery.
B、closing of the semilunar valves
C、closing of the AV valves.
D、elastic recoil of the aorta.
21、Blood pressure is lowest in
A、veins
B、venules
C、capillaries
D、arterioles
22、Blood pressure increases and heart rate decreases in response to
A、increase of body temperature
B、intravenously injection of noradrenaline
C、exercise
D、exposure to high altitude
23、If systolic blood pressure is 125mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure will be
A、95mmHg
B、100.25mmHg
C、90mmHg
D、80mmHg
24、An increase in which of the following tends to increase capillary filtration rate?
A、Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
B、Plasma sodium concentration
C、Capillary wall hydraulic conductivity
D、Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
25、![]()
The figure shown above is the ECG recorded by lead II. The QRS complex (QRS 波群）correlate to which period of the cardiac cycle?
A、ventricular isometric relaxation.
B、ventricular isometric contraction
C、ventricular ejection period.
D、ventricular filling period.
26、We could use ECG to
A、detect the heart murmur (杂音)
B、diagnose the atrioventricular block (房室传导阻滞)
C、measure stroke volume.
D、mesure cardiac volume.
E、detect atrioventricular stenosis.
The Sixth Week: Respiratory System
The Sixth Week: Respiratory System
1、Pulmonary ventilation is
A、gas exchange between pulmonary alveoli and blood.
B、gas exchange between air and anatomic dead space.
C、gas exchange between atmosphere and lung
D、the process O2 enters alveolar from atmosphere
2、Pulmonary gas exchange is the process of
A、gas exchange between alveoli and anatomic dead space.
B、gas exchange between lung and atmosphere.
C、gas exchange between alveolar and skeletal muscle cells.
D、gas exchange between alveolar and surrounding capillary.
3、Internal respiration is
A、gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the capillary surrounding the alveoli.
B、gas exchange between the cells and the blood in the capillary.
C、gas change between the cells in the tissue.
D、gas exchange between mitochondria and intracellular fluid.
4、The driving force for the pulmonary gas change is
A、respiratory movement
B、pressure difference across the respiratory membrane
C、difference between pulmonary pressure and pleural pressure
D、pressure difference between alveoli and atmosphere.
E、difference between pulmonary pressure and atmosphere.
5、Which one is correct about the pleural pressure
A、the little fluid in the pleural cavity
B、positive during expiration
C、facilitate the venous return in the pleural cavity
D、constant during respiration
6、During quiet breathing, the pleural pressure
A、is lower than atmosphere pressure during inspiration, higher than atmosphere pressure during expiration.
B、is equal to the atmosphere during expiration.
C、constant during respiration
D、is lower than atmosphere in both inspiration and expiration.
E、is negative in inspiration, and positive in expiration.
7、Which one is correct about the physiological importance of alveolar surfactant?
A、increase the formation of interstitial fluid between alveoli and pulmonary mesenchyme.
B、increase the elastic force of lung tissues.
C、decrease the pulmonary compliance.
D、increase the alveolar surface tension.
E、decrease the resistance during inspiration.
8、The major factor that cause the alveoli to collapse is
A、pleural pressure
B、contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchia.
C、alveolar surface tension
D、atmosphere pressure.
E、pulmonary pressure.
9、Which of the following factors will increase the pulmonary compliance.
A、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
B、increase of airway resistance.
C、decrease of airway resistance.
D、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
E、reduced amount of surfactant.
10、The major component of pulmonary inelastic resistance is
A、alveolar surfactant
B、viscous resistance of tissue.
C、airway resistance
D、inertial resistance
E、elastic recoil of the lung.
11、The increase of pulmonary compliance means that
A、increase of the surface tension.
B、decrease of airway resistance.
C、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
D、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
E、increase of airway resistance.
12、Which factor induce the increase of the airway radius?
A、release of histamine.
B、release of endothelin.
C、excitation of sympathetic nerve
D、excitation of parasympathetic nerve.
E、release of leukotrienes
13、The maximal amount of air the lung can exchange with the atmosphere is
A、inspiratory reserve volume
B、tidal volume
C、functional residual volume
D、vital capacity
E、forced vital capacity
14、pulmonary ventilation - alveolar ventilation =
A、tidal volume X respiratory rate
B、residual volume X respiratory rate
C、functional residue capacity X respiratory rate
D、vital capacity X respiratory rate
E、dead space x respiratory rate
15、If the respiratory rate is increased from 12/min to 24/min, and the tidal volume volume is decreased from 500 ml to 250 ml, then
A、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
B、alveolar ventilation will increase.
C、pulmonary ventilation will increase.
D、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
E、alveolar ventilation does not change.
16、alveolar ventilation is
A、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one quiet respiratory cycle.
B、the total volume of air inhaled forcefully in one respiratory cycle.
C、the total volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute.
D、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one minute in quiet respiration.
E、the total volume of air in lung at the end of quite expiration.
17、vital capacity is equal to
A、tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
B、tidal volume + residual volume
C、tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
D、tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
E、tidal volume + functional residual capacity
18、The PO2 is highest at
A、venous blood
B、blood in the capillary
C、intracellular fluid
D、arterial blood
E、extracellular fluid
19、Below is the respiratory and cardiac parameters of a young man: minute pulmonary ventilation, 7500 ml; respiratory rate, 20/min; dead space, 125 ml; cardiac output, 5000 ml/min. The ventilation/perfusion rate is
A、0.7
B、1.0
C、2.0
D、O.8
E、0.9
20、Which factor determines the direction of the gas diffuses
A、gas solubility
B、partial pressure difference of the gas
C、gas molecular weight
D、affinity between gas molecular and hemoglobin.
E、permeability of the respiratory membrane.
21、The oxygen saturation of Hb is mainly dependent on
A、pH value in blood.
B、PCO2
C、PO2
D、concentration of 2,3-DPG.
E、temperature
22、In which situation does the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the left?
A、blood in the capillary of tissues.
B、decrease of pH value.
C、increase of the concentration of 2,3-DPG.
D、blood in the pulmonary capillary
E、increase of temperature.
23、Shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right could be caused by
A、decrease of temperature.
B、decrease of the concentration of 2,3-DPG.
C、decrease of PCO2.
D、decrease of PO2.
E、decrease of pH value.
24、The reason that the diffusion rate of CO2 through the respiratory membrane is faster than that of O2 is
A、solubility of CO2 in water is higher than that of O2.
B、CO2 is diffused by active transport.
C、CO2 is diffused by facilitated transport.
D、difference of partial pressure of CO2 is higher than that of O2.
E、molecular weight of CO2 is higher than O2.
25、The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
A、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen content in blood.
B、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen saturation in blood.
C、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and pH value in blood.
D、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen capacity in blood.
26、Haldane Effect means
A、The combination of hemoglobin with CO2 facilitates the release of O2.
B、The combination of hemoglobin with CO2 inhibits the release of O2.
C、The combination of hemoglobin with O2 facilitates the release of CO2.
D、combination of hemoglobin with O2 facilitates the combination with CO2.
E、The combination of hemoglobin with O2 inhibits the release of CO2.
27、Bohr Effect means
A、the effect of PO2 on the hemoglobin affinity with O2
B、the effect of PO2 on the hemoglobin affinity with CO2
C、the effect of 2,3-DPG on the hemoglobin affinity with O2.
D、the effect of pH value on the hemoglobin affinity with O2
28、The oxygen capacity of hemoglobin is dependent on
A、quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
B、pH value
C、PCO2
D、concentration of 2,3-DPG
E、PO2
29、The effect of penumotaxic center in the upper pons is to
A、enhance the inspiration
B、directly innervate the respiratory muscle.
C、excite the apneustic center in medulla
D、transfer from inspiration to expiration.
E、generate basic respiratory rhythm.
30、The effect of pulmonary inflation reflex is to
A、decrease the pulmonary ventilation.
B、inhibit the expiration and excite the inspiration.
C、end the inspiration and transfer to expiration.
D、increase the pulmonary ventilation.
E、excite both the inspiration and expiration.
31、If the bilateral cervical vagus nerves were cut in rabbit, the respiration will become
A、shallow and slow.
B、shallow and fast.
C、deep and fast.
D、no change.
E、deep and slow.
32、The regulatory effect of CO2 on respiration is mainly through
A、stimulation of the lateral ventral surface of medulla.
B、directly stimulate the respiratory center
C、stimulate the penumotaxic center in the upper pons.
D、stretch reflex.
E、stimulate the motor neuron in the spinal cord.
33、The basic respiratory rhythm is generated in
A、pons
B、medulla
C、spinal cord
D、midbrain
E、cerebral cortex
34、Hypoxia stimulates respiration through
A、central chemoreceptors
B、respiratory center in medulla
C、respiratory center in pons
D、peripheral chemoreceptors
E、direct excitation of respiratory muscle.
35、Which one is necessary for the activity of respiratory center?
A、afferent signals from the pulmonary stretch receptor.
B、afferent signals from the proprioceptors in the respiratory muscle.
C、certain level of PCO2.
D、certain level of hypoxia.
E、certai level of H+
36、The correct descriptions about respiration include
A、gas exchange between human body and atmosphere.
B、consist of pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transportation, and gas exchange in the tissues.
C、respiration is the movement of respiratory muscles.
D、unicellular organism have the function of respiration.
37、Which one is correct about pulmonary pressure
A、negative during the whole process of breathing.
B、pulmonary pressure = atmosphere pressure - pulmonary elastic force
C、might be negative during respiration.
D、the change of pulmonary pressure is the driving force for the pulmonary ventilation.
E、prevent venous return
38、The correct descriptions about alveolar surfactant include
A、secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells
B、increase the alveolar surface tension.
C、distributed at the liquid-air interface of the alveoli in bimolecular layer
D、increase the pulmonary compliance.
E、most important component is protein
39、The lung elastic recoil exist
A、the end of expiration.
B、at the end of expiration
C、at the beginning of expiration
D、at the beginning of inspiration
40、Which one about the (minute) pulmonary ventilation is right
A、is equal to tidal volume times respiratory rate.
B、increase during exercise.
C、varies with the difference of sex and age.
D、the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages in a minute.
41、the diffusion rate of gas is
A、proportional to the surface area of gas diffusion
B、proportional to the gas solubility
C、proportional to the difference of partial pressure
D、proportional to the square root of molecular weight
E、reversely proportional to the diffusion distance.
42、The correct description about pulmonary gas exchange include
A、the gas diffusion rate is reversely proportional to the thickness of respiratory membrane.
B、the gas diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area of respiratory membrane.
C、decrease of V/Q is not beneficial to the gas exchange.
D、diffusion rate is proportional to the gas solubility.
E、increse of V/Q facilitate the gas exchange.
43、The correct descriptions about the transportation of gas in the blood include
A、both O2 and CO2 are transported in two forms, physical dissolution and chemical combination.
B、The process of combination of hemoglobin and CO2 into carbaminohemoglobin is enzyme independent.
C、the major component of CO2 transported in the blood is HCO3-
D、the properties of chemical combination between O2 and Hb include rapid, reversible and enzyme dependent.
E、the major component of gas transported in the blood is in the form of chemical combination.
44、The correct descriptions about the combination of Hb with O2 include
A、The combination of Hb with O2 is oxygenation (氧合）, but not oxidation.
B、The maximal volume of O2 that could be combined with the Hb in 100 ml blood is t he O2 content of Hb.
C、there is synergistic effect between the 4 subunits of Hb in the process of combination with O2.
D、The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is in S shape.
E、one molecule Hb combines with 4 molecules of O2
45、The incorrect descriptions about pulmonary stretch reflex is
A、the effect of inflation reflex is to end the expiration and transfer to inspiration.
B、involved in the regulation of human quiet respiration.
C、the stretch receptor is located in the wall of the alveoli.
D、there is species difference, with the major effect in rabbit and minor effect in human.
E、the function of inflation reflex and deflation reflex is identical.
The First Week: Introduction for Physiology and Transmembrane Transportation
1、The physiological importance of positive feedback control is
A、promote an activity to finish
B、maintenance of the homeostasis of internal environment
C、promote the growth and development of organism
D、independent of the neural and humoral regulation
2、As the arterial pressure vibrates at 80 - 120 mmHg, the renal blood flow does not change. If you want to prove the hypothesis that this property of the renal blood flow is dependent on the autoregulation of the blood vessels, which kind of experimen you should performe?
A、acute and in vitro physiological experiment.
B、acute and in vivo physiological experiment.
C、cell culture
D、histological experiment
3、The mechanism of the life could be disclosed intensively and clearly through the experiments at the level of
A、cell and molecule
B、tissue and organ
C、organ and system
D、whole organism
4、The capillary bed open as the metablites accumulate following the enhanced metablitic activity of local tissue. It is controlled by
A、local humoral regulaiton
B、neural regulation
C、distal humoral regulation
D、neural-humoral regulation
5、Which kind of molecules or ions could be transported across the membrane independent on the integral protein.
A、gas molecules such as CO2 and O2
B、glucose
C、Na+
D、protein
6、The correct description about homeostasis include:
A、The internal environment of healthy individual is in the state of homeostasis.
B、The loss of homeostasis might induce illness or even death.
C、One of the importance of the clinical treatment is to restore the homeostasis of the patient.
D、Negative feedback system maintains the internal environment at homeostasis.
7、The properties of the conditioned reflex include
A、the number is infinite
B、dependent on the environment the individual lives in
C、congenital
D、fixed reflex
8、Which one below could act as humoral regulating factor in blood.
A、glucose
B、CO2
C、O2
D、thyroid hormones
9、The properties of the humoral regulation include
A、response slowly
B、acts extensively
C、dependent on the neural regulation
D、acts transiently
10、The properties of the secondary active transport include
A、transportation uphill against the concentration gradient.
B、coupled with facilitated passive transport
C、chemical specificity
D、the transporter is ATPase
The Second Week: The Bioelectrical Physiology on Plasma Membrane
The Second Week: The Bioelectrical Physiology on Plasma Membrane
1、At resting state, the concentration gradient of K+across the cell membrane is constant, while there is current across membrane. This is because
A、the activity of Na+/K+ pump.
B、the Na+ influx is identical to K+ outflux.
C、the transmembrane flux is too small to change the concentration gradient of K+.
D、the activity of Ca2+ pump.
2、If the membrane potential is fixed from resting potential to -9 mv, which kind of membrane could be recorded
A、early transit influx and later long-lasting outfulx.
B、stable influx.
C、stable outfulx.
D、early transit outflux and late long-lasting influx.
3、The depolarization phase of AP is attributed to
A、Na+ influx
B、K+ outflux
C、Na+ outflux
D、K+ outflux
4、Whether or not a stimulation could induce AP on the excitable membrane is determined by
A、strength
B、duration
C、rate of the change of the stimulation.
D、the property of the stimulation.
5、The stimulation that could induce action potential should be
A、threshold stimulation
B、suprathreshold stimulation
C、subthreshold stimulation
D、none of all.
6、The voltage clamp could
A、fix the membrane potential at any level.
B、record the membrane current.
C、record the change of membrane potential
D、record single channel current
7、The plasma membrane of neuron at resting state is permeable only to K+.
8、The stimulation most used in physiological experiments is electrical stimulation.
9、The local current and local potential is the basis for the propagation of action potential on the membrane.
10、If AP was initiated at cell body on an afferent neuron, it will propagate to the axon ending.
The Third Week: Muscle contraction and Blood
The Third Week: Muscle contraction and Blood
1、A baby will suffer neonatal hemolytic anemia if the blood of
A、his mother is Rh- and his blood is Rh+
B、his mother is Rh+ and his blood is Rh+
C、his mother is Rh+ and his blood is Rh-
D、his mother is Rh- and his blood is Rh-
2、The red blood cells of a patient coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of type B blood, but the red blood cells from type B blood does not coagulate if it is incubated in the serum of this patient. The blood type of this patient is
A、AB
B、A
C、B
D、O
3、Which description is correct about thrombin?
A、promote the decomposition of fibrinogen into fibrin.
B、is glutamic acid transferase
C、polymerize the fibrin monomer molecules into long fibrin fibers.
D、combine with Factor VII and Ca2+
4、The spontaneous blood spot is always appeared in patient with the decreased number of platelets in blood. It is because
A、There are too less platelets to maintain the integrity of blood vessel endothelium.
B、There are too less platelet to aggregate into platelet plug.
C、There are too less platelet to release enough vascular active substances.
D、There are too less platelet to induce vascular spasm.
5、The anticoagulants effect of sodium citrate is attributed to
A、complexation of Ca2+ in the plasma.
B、promoting the effect of antithrombin III
C、inhibiting the activity of thrombin.
D、neutralizing the acidic clotting factors
6、Thick filament is conposed of
A、myosin
B、actin
C、tropomyosin
D、troponin
7、The preload affect the performance of muscle contraction through
A、autoregulation
B、neural regulation
C、humoral regulation
D、neuro-humoral regulation.
8、The maximal active tension the muscle could develp at the optimal initial length, this is because
A、at this initial lenght, the most number of cross bridge could be involved in the filament sliding.
B、at this initial length, the concentration of Ca2+ in the intracllular fluid reaches the highest.
C、at this initial length, the speed of the filament sliding is fastest.
D、at this initial length, the ATPase at the myosin head is most active.
9、The tetanus of skeletal muscle is due to
A、summation of twitich during muscle contraction.
B、summation of the successive subthreshold stimulation.
C、summation of action potentials during muscle contraction
D、summation of action potential during muscle relaxation.
E、summation of twitch during muscle relaxation.
10、During the tetanus, the action potential on the muscle membrane
A、could not be summated.
B、appear after the former action potential initiates contraction.
C、the amplitude will incease.
D、the amplitude will decrease.
E、the frequency will decrease.
11、the initial length of the muscle is dependent on
A、preload.
B、active tension.
C、the difference between the preload and afterload.
D、afterload.
E、sum of preload and afterload.
12、during resting state, which molecule provents the binding between myosin head and actin.
A、tropomyosin
B、myosin
C、troponin
D、actin
13、In the sciatic nerve - sartorius experiments, the fatigue of muscle contraction after successive stimulation of nerve fiber is caused by
A、the inhibition of the signal transmission at neuro-muscle junction.
B、the decrease of the action potential amplitude.
C、the decreae of the speed action potential propagates on the nerve fiber.
D、the low excitability of the muscle.
E、the decreased efficiency of the signal transmission at triad of the sarcolemma.
14、Which one of the below description is not correct if the aterload of the muscle is increaed while preload is maintained constant.
A、the amplitude of the muscle shorten will be increased.
B、the active tension of the muscle will increae.
C、the latency between the action potential initiation and the muscle shorting will be longer.
D、the velocity of the muscle shorten will be decreasd.
15、Which part of heart has fastest conduction?
A、Purkinje network
B、SA node
C、AV node
D、His bundle
16、The reasons why the blood does not coagulated in healthy vessels include
A、the speed of the blood flow is fast
B、the intravascular membrane is integrated and smooth
C、the effect of fibrinolysis system in the blood
D、the effect of anticoagulant system in the blood
17、The process of hemostasis following the rupture of blood vessels include
A、vescular spam
B、formation of platelet plug
C、blood clot contraction
D、repair of the blood vessels
18、The effects of platelet in the hemostasis include
A、adhere to the collagen fiber under the endothelium.
B、release of ADP and TXA2 to promote more platelets to aggregate.
C、release TXA2 to enhance vascular spam.
D、release of PF3 to promote coagulation.
19、The clotting factors that synthesized in liver in the presence of Vit K include
A、FII
B、FVII
C、FIX
D、FX
20、The chemicals that could prevent blood coagulation include
A、potassium oxalate or ammonium oxalate.
B、heparin.
C、sodium citrate
D、Bishydroxycoumarin
21、The anticoagulant system in the blood is consist of
A、TFPI
B、antithrombin
C、heparin
D、protein C system
22、Mysin head could bind with
A、ATP
B、actin
C、tropomysin
D、troponin
23、Thin filament is composed of
A、actin
B、tropomyosin
C、troponin
D、mysini
24、The commom properties of the skeletal and cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling include
A、AP on the membrane initiates muscle contraction.
B、Rhydonine receptor controls Ca2+ release from sarcoplamic reticulum.
C、Excitation-contraction coupling is dependent on the Ca2+ influx.
D、DPH recepor on the transverse tubule is voltage dependent Ca2+ channel.
25、Clotting factor VII initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.
26、The transverse tubule of the sarcolemma is belong to the intracellular membrane system.
27、The Rhynodine receptor on the longitudinal tubule of the cardiac musle controls the Ca2+ influx from extracellular fluid.
The Fourth Week: Cardiac Physiology
The Fourth Week: Cardiac Physiology
1、Which of the following contains blood with a relatively high oxygen content?
A、right ventricle
B、left ventricle
C、superior vena cava
D、right atrium
2、During isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles:
A、Aortic blood flow is reversed
B、When both ventricles reach the same pressure their respective outflow valves open
C、Ventricular pressure rises rapidly
D、The pulmonary valve is not yet shut
3、During the cardiac cycle,
A、the volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side.
B、the duration of systole is greater than that of diastole.
C、the pressure of blood leaving the right side of the heart is greater than that leaving the left side.
D、the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole.
4、When do the A-V valves close during the cardiac cycle?
A、when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the atria
B、when pressure inside the atria is greater than that inside the ventricles
C、when pressure is greater in the aorta than in the left ventricle
D、when pressure inside the ventricles is at its lowest
5、Which of the following events occurs at the end of the period of ventricular ejection?
A、A-V valves close
B、Pulmonary valve closes
C、Aortic valve opens
D、A-V valves open
6、Cardiac output
A、B and C.
B、is the volume of blood pumped per minute by both ventricles.
C、is product of the number of heartbeats per minute and the volume pumped per beat.
D、varies with sex, age, and exercise.
7、In a resting adult, the typical ventricular ejection fraction has what value?
A、20%
B、40%
C、60%
D、80%
8、Which of the following events is associated with the first heart sound?
A、Beginning of diastole
B、Closing of the aortic valve
C、Inrushing of blood into the ventricles during diastole
D、Closing of the A-V valves
9、In which of the following disorders would left ventricular hypertrophy （肥大）normally occur?
A、Aortic stenosis (狭窄)
B、Mitral stenosis (狭窄)
C、Tricuspid regurgitation（反流）
D、Pulmonary valve regurgitation（反流）
10、What will happen to the cardiac output if the afterload of heart (BP) is increased?
A、The cardiac output will increase
B、The cardiac output will never decrease
C、The cardiac output will not decrease until the mean arterial pressure rises above about 160 mmHg
D、The cardiac output will decrease
11、In exercise condition, cardiac output is mainly regulated by
A、heterometric regulation
B、homometric regulation
C、afterload
D、preload
12、Which statement about the normal cardiac cycle is right?
A、Atrium and ventricle contracts simultaneously
B、Atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes open simultaneously
C、The atrial pressure is lower than ventricular pressure
D、Atrium-ventricular valves and aorta valves sometimes close simultaneously
13、What is the effect of Verapamil (a Calcium channel blocker) on the action potential of Purkinje cell?
A、The amplitude of phase 0 depolarization reduces
B、The duration of phase 2 repolarization decreases
C、The duration of phase 1 repolarization decreases
D、The duration of phase 3 repolarization decreases
14、The cardiac output:
A、Is the most perfect indicator to be used for assessment of work output of the heart.
B、Is increased by stimulation of the vagus nerve.
C、CO=SV/EDV ⅹ 100%
D、Is largely determined by the end-diastolic volume.
15、S2 sound is the marker of
A、ventricular isometric contraction
B、ventricular isometric relaxation
C、ventricular filling
D、atrium contraction
16、The duration of effective refractory period of ventricular cell mainly depends on：
A、level of threshold potential
B、amplitude of phase 0 depolarization
C、function of Na+ -K+ pump
D、duration of phase 2 (plateau)
17、What kinds of channels open during the phase 2 of the ventricular action potential?
A、Na+ channel and Cl- channel
B、Na+ channel and Ca2+ channel
C、Ca2+ channel and K+ channel
D、Na+ channel and K+ channel
18、Which one is not right about the refractory period of the cardiac working cells?
A、Covers the period of contraction and part of the relaxation of the ventricular muscle
B、Sets the sequence of the contraction of atrium and ventricular muscle
C、Makes the ventricular muscle systole and diastole occur alternately
D、The duration is about 250 msec, longer than that of skeletal muscle
19、In which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is the potassium permeability the highest?
A、Phase 3
B、Phase 1
C、Phase 2
D、Phase 4
20、Which one of the following is not the characteristic of cardiacNa+ Channels?
A、very fast opening
B、responsible for initiating and propagating the action potential in fast response cells
C、threshold potential is –40mV
D、not Tetrodotoxin sensitive
21、Which of the following is most likely to cause the heart to go into spastic contraction?
A、Increased sympathetic activity
B、Increased body temperature
C、Excess extracellular fluid calcium ions
D、Decreased extracellular fluid potassium ions
22、Which of the following conditions will result in a flaccid heart?
A、Excess calcium ions in the blood
B、Excess sodium ions in the blood
C、Excess potassium ions in the blood
D、Increased sympathetic stimulation
23、Cardiac muscle is different from skeletal muscle because:
A、Fast Na+ Channels
B、Presence of actin and myosin
C、Na+-K+ pump
D、Slow Ca2+ Channels
24、The precondition for excitability of S-A node cell is:
A、Fast Na+ channel is in open state
B、Slow Ca2+ channel is in resting state
C、Fast Na+ channel is in resting state
D、Slow Ca2+ channel is in open state
25、If the ventricular Purkinje fibers become the pacemaker of the heart, what is the expected heart rate?
A、50/min
B、75/min
C、30/min
D、100/min
26、Which area allows the atria to completely empty as the ventricles fill with blood?
A、A-V bundle
B、S-A node
C、A-V node
D、Purkinje fibers
27、Which part of heart has fastest conduction?
A、AV node
B、Purkinje network
C、SA node
D、His bundle
The Fifth Week: Vascular Physiology and Cardiovascular Control
The Fifth Week: Vascular Physiology and Cardiovascular Control
1、Which part provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?
A、Aorta
B、Arteriole
C、Venules
D、Capillaries
2、Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?
A、Increased end-diastolic volume.
B、Increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle.
C、Increased venous return.
D、Increased length of filling time during diastole.
3、Release of which of the following substances causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during anaphylactic shock?
A、Nitric oxide （一氧化氮）
B、Bradykinin （缓激肽）
C、Histamine （组胺）
D、Atrial natriuretic peptide （心房钠尿肽）
4、A 30-year-old male is resting, and his sympathetic output increases to maximal values. Which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to this increased sympathetic output?
A、Resistance to venous return↓, Mean systemic filling pressure↓
B、Resistance to venous return↑, Mean systemic filling pressure↓.
C、Resistance to venous return↑, Mean systemic filling pressure↑.
D、Resistance to venous return↓, Mean systemic filling pressure↑.
5、A healthy 28-year-old woman stands up from a supine position. Moving from a supine to a standing position results in a transient decrease in arterial pressure that is detected by arterial baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. Which of the following sets of cardiovascular changes is most likely to occur in response to activation of the baroreceptors?
A、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
B、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
C、Mean circulatory filling pressure↑, Strength of cardiac contraction↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑.
D、Mean circulatory filling pressure↓, Strength of cardiac contraction↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↓.
6、A 22-year-old man enters the hospital emergency room after severing a major artery in a motorcycle accident. It is estimated that he has lost approximately 700 ml of blood. His blood pressure is 90/55 mm Hg. Which of the following sets of changes would be expected in response to hemorrhage in this man?
A、Heart rate↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↓.
B、Heart rate↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↓, Total peripheral resistance↓.
C、Heart rate↑, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↑.
D、Heart rate↓, Sympathetic nerve activity↑, Total peripheral resistance↑.
7、A 70-year-old man enters the hospital emergency department and has been experiencing severe diarrhea（腹泻）. He has pallor, tachycardia, and an arterial pressure of 80/50, and has trouble walking. Which of the following therapies would the physician recommend to prevent shock?
A、Blood infusion
B、Administration of an antihistamine（抗组胺药）
C、Infusion of a sympathomimetic drug （拟交感神经药）
D、Infusion of a balanced electrolyte solution
8、The increase in heart rate caused by seeing a wild dog run after you is probably the result of the _____.
A、medullary accelerator center
B、increase in blood pressure
C、sympathetic nerves
D、Hypothalamus
9、If a patient undergoing spinal anesthesia experiences a large decrease in arterial pressure and goes into shock, which of the following would be the therapy of choice?
A、Infusion of sympathomimetic drug
B、Plasma infusion
C、Saline infusion
D、Blood infusion
10、Sympathetic stimulation of the heart normally causes which of the following conditions?
A、Acetylcholine release at the sympathetic endings
B、Decreased heart rate
C、Decreased force of contraction of the atria
D、Increased force of contraction of the ventricles
11、Which nerve does not keep tonic discharge during the physiological state?
A、Sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber
B、Sympathetic vasodilator fiber
C、Noradrenergic（产去甲肾上腺素的） sympathetic cardiac fiber
D、Cholinergic(类胆碱的) vagal cardiac fiber
12、Filariasis(丝虫病) causes edema by
A、blocking the lymphatic drainage
B、decreasing the plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C、increasing the interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D、increasing the capillary pressure
13、Norepinephrine increases the ventricular contractility by increasing the permeability of
A、Na+ channel
B、K+ channel
C、Ca2+ channel
D、Cl- channel
14、Which factor does NOT influence the venous return?
A、Cardiac contractility
B、Position of the body
C、Elasticity of the Windkessel vessel
D、Action of “muscular pump”
15、The arterial blood pressure:
A、Depends solely on the cardiac output.
B、The mean arterial pressure of a normal young adult averages about 100 mmHg.
C、Is due to the vascular resistance of the capillaries.
D、Is the arithmetic average of the systolic and diastolic pressures.
16、The elasticity of the Windkessel vessel mainly influence
A、pulse pressure
B、Systolic pressure (Ps)
C、Diastole pressure (Pd)
D、peripheral venous pressure
17、During the cardiac cycle of a normal healthy young adult:
A、During ventricular diastole the pressure in the left ventricle is close to 80 mm Hg (10.6 kPa).
B、During ventricular systole, all the blood in the ventricles is ejected.
C、At the end of ejection, the blood pressure reached the highest level.
D、During the initial stage of ventricular contraction the volume of the ventricle does not change.
18、Concerning the nervous regulation of the circulation:
A、The baroreceptors are mainly responsible for the long-term regulation of systemic blood pressure.
B、If the arterial pressure suddenly falls the baroreceptor reflex increases the heart rate.
C、The baroreceptors are found in the aortic and carotid bodies.
D、The control center of cardiovascular system is the spinal cord.
19、Which of the following organs is able to tolerate the greatest restriction in blood flow?
A、brain
B、heart
C、skin
D、skeletal muscles
20、The sounds of Korotkoff are produced by
A、the turbulent flow of blood through an artery.
B、closing of the semilunar valves
C、closing of the AV valves.
D、elastic recoil of the aorta.
21、Blood pressure is lowest in
A、veins
B、venules
C、capillaries
D、arterioles
22、Blood pressure increases and heart rate decreases in response to
A、increase of body temperature
B、intravenously injection of noradrenaline
C、exercise
D、exposure to high altitude
23、If systolic blood pressure is 125mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure will be
A、95mmHg
B、100.25mmHg
C、90mmHg
D、80mmHg
24、An increase in which of the following tends to increase capillary filtration rate?
A、Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
B、Plasma sodium concentration
C、Capillary wall hydraulic conductivity
D、Plasma colloid osmotic pressure
25、
A、ventricular isometric relaxation.
B、ventricular isometric contraction
C、ventricular ejection period.
D、ventricular filling period.
26、We could use ECG to
A、detect the heart murmur (杂音)
B、diagnose the atrioventricular block (房室传导阻滞)
C、measure stroke volume.
D、mesure cardiac volume.
E、detect atrioventricular stenosis.
The Sixth Week: Respiratory System
The Sixth Week: Respiratory System
1、Pulmonary ventilation is
A、gas exchange between pulmonary alveoli and blood.
B、gas exchange between air and anatomic dead space.
C、gas exchange between atmosphere and lung
D、the process O2 enters alveolar from atmosphere
2、Pulmonary gas exchange is the process of
A、gas exchange between alveoli and anatomic dead space.
B、gas exchange between lung and atmosphere.
C、gas exchange between alveolar and skeletal muscle cells.
D、gas exchange between alveolar and surrounding capillary.
3、Internal respiration is
A、gas exchange between alveoli and blood in the capillary surrounding the alveoli.
B、gas exchange between the cells and the blood in the capillary.
C、gas change between the cells in the tissue.
D、gas exchange between mitochondria and intracellular fluid.
4、The driving force for the pulmonary gas change is
A、respiratory movement
B、pressure difference across the respiratory membrane
C、difference between pulmonary pressure and pleural pressure
D、pressure difference between alveoli and atmosphere.
E、difference between pulmonary pressure and atmosphere.
5、Which one is correct about the pleural pressure
A、the little fluid in the pleural cavity
B、positive during expiration
C、facilitate the venous return in the pleural cavity
D、constant during respiration
6、During quiet breathing, the pleural pressure
A、is lower than atmosphere pressure during inspiration, higher than atmosphere pressure during expiration.
B、is equal to the atmosphere during expiration.
C、constant during respiration
D、is lower than atmosphere in both inspiration and expiration.
E、is negative in inspiration, and positive in expiration.
7、Which one is correct about the physiological importance of alveolar surfactant?
A、increase the formation of interstitial fluid between alveoli and pulmonary mesenchyme.
B、increase the elastic force of lung tissues.
C、decrease the pulmonary compliance.
D、increase the alveolar surface tension.
E、decrease the resistance during inspiration.
8、The major factor that cause the alveoli to collapse is
A、pleural pressure
B、contraction of smooth muscle in the bronchia.
C、alveolar surface tension
D、atmosphere pressure.
E、pulmonary pressure.
9、Which of the following factors will increase the pulmonary compliance.
A、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
B、increase of airway resistance.
C、decrease of airway resistance.
D、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
E、reduced amount of surfactant.
10、The major component of pulmonary inelastic resistance is
A、alveolar surfactant
B、viscous resistance of tissue.
C、airway resistance
D、inertial resistance
E、elastic recoil of the lung.
11、The increase of pulmonary compliance means that
A、increase of the surface tension.
B、decrease of airway resistance.
C、increase of pulmonary elastic resistance.
D、decrease of pulmonary elastic resistance.
E、increase of airway resistance.
12、Which factor induce the increase of the airway radius?
A、release of histamine.
B、release of endothelin.
C、excitation of sympathetic nerve
D、excitation of parasympathetic nerve.
E、release of leukotrienes
13、The maximal amount of air the lung can exchange with the atmosphere is
A、inspiratory reserve volume
B、tidal volume
C、functional residual volume
D、vital capacity
E、forced vital capacity
14、pulmonary ventilation - alveolar ventilation =
A、tidal volume X respiratory rate
B、residual volume X respiratory rate
C、functional residue capacity X respiratory rate
D、vital capacity X respiratory rate
E、dead space x respiratory rate
15、If the respiratory rate is increased from 12/min to 24/min, and the tidal volume volume is decreased from 500 ml to 250 ml, then
A、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
B、alveolar ventilation will increase.
C、pulmonary ventilation will increase.
D、alveolar ventilation will decrease.
E、alveolar ventilation does not change.
16、alveolar ventilation is
A、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one quiet respiratory cycle.
B、the total volume of air inhaled forcefully in one respiratory cycle.
C、the total volume of new air entering the alveoli each minute.
D、the amount of air inhaled into or exhaled from the lung in one minute in quiet respiration.
E、the total volume of air in lung at the end of quite expiration.
17、vital capacity is equal to
A、tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
B、tidal volume + residual volume
C、tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
D、tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
E、tidal volume + functional residual capacity
18、The PO2 is highest at
A、venous blood
B、blood in the capillary
C、intracellular fluid
D、arterial blood
E、extracellular fluid
19、Below is the respiratory and cardiac parameters of a young man: minute pulmonary ventilation, 7500 ml; respiratory rate, 20/min; dead space, 125 ml; cardiac output, 5000 ml/min. The ventilation/perfusion rate is
A、0.7
B、1.0
C、2.0
D、O.8
E、0.9
20、Which factor determines the direction of the gas diffuses
A、gas solubility
B、partial pressure difference of the gas
C、gas molecular weight
D、affinity between gas molecular and hemoglobin.
E、permeability of the respiratory membrane.
21、The oxygen saturation of Hb is mainly dependent on
A、pH value in blood.
B、PCO2
C、PO2
D、concentration of 2,3-DPG.
E、temperature
22、In which situation does the oxygen - hemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the left?
A、blood in the capillary of tissues.
B、decrease of pH value.
C、increase of the concentration of 2,3-DPG.
D、blood in the pulmonary capillary
E、increase of temperature.
23、Shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right could be caused by
A、decrease of temperature.
B、decrease of the concentration of 2,3-DPG.
C、decrease of PCO2.
D、decrease of PO2.
E、decrease of pH value.
24、The reason that the diffusion rate of CO2 through the respiratory membrane is faster than that of O2 is
A、solubility of CO2 in water is higher than that of O2.
B、CO2 is diffused by active transport.
C、CO2 is diffused by facilitated transport.
D、difference of partial pressure of CO2 is higher than that of O2.
E、molecular weight of CO2 is higher than O2.
25、The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
A、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen content in blood.
B、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen saturation in blood.
C、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and pH value in blood.
D、demonstrate the relationship between PO2 and oxygen capacity in blood.
26、Haldane Effect means
A、The combination of hemoglobin with CO2 facilitates the release of O2.
B、The combination of hemoglobin with CO2 inhibits the release of O2.
C、The combination of hemoglobin with O2 facilitates the release of CO2.
D、combination of hemoglobin with O2 facilitates the combination with CO2.
E、The combination of hemoglobin with O2 inhibits the release of CO2.
27、Bohr Effect means
A、the effect of PO2 on the hemoglobin affinity with O2
B、the effect of PO2 on the hemoglobin affinity with CO2
C、the effect of 2,3-DPG on the hemoglobin affinity with O2.
D、the effect of pH value on the hemoglobin affinity with O2
28、The oxygen capacity of hemoglobin is dependent on
A、quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
B、pH value
C、PCO2
D、concentration of 2,3-DPG
E、PO2
29、The effect of penumotaxic center in the upper pons is to
A、enhance the inspiration
B、directly innervate the respiratory muscle.
C、excite the apneustic center in medulla
D、transfer from inspiration to expiration.
E、generate basic respiratory rhythm.
30、The effect of pulmonary inflation reflex is to
A、decrease the pulmonary ventilation.
B、inhibit the expiration and excite the inspiration.
C、end the inspiration and transfer to expiration.
D、increase the pulmonary ventilation.
E、excite both the inspiration and expiration.
31、If the bilateral cervical vagus nerves were cut in rabbit, the respiration will become
A、shallow and slow.
B、shallow and fast.
C、deep and fast.
D、no change.
E、deep and slow.
32、The regulatory effect of CO2 on respiration is mainly through
A、stimulation of the lateral ventral surface of medulla.
B、directly stimulate the respiratory center
C、stimulate the penumotaxic center in the upper pons.
D、stretch reflex.
E、stimulate the motor neuron in the spinal cord.
33、The basic respiratory rhythm is generated in
A、pons
B、medulla
C、spinal cord
D、midbrain
E、cerebral cortex
34、Hypoxia stimulates respiration through
A、central chemoreceptors
B、respiratory center in medulla
C、respiratory center in pons
D、peripheral chemoreceptors
E、direct excitation of respiratory muscle.
35、Which one is necessary for the activity of respiratory center?
A、afferent signals from the pulmonary stretch receptor.
B、afferent signals from the proprioceptors in the respiratory muscle.
C、certain level of PCO2.
D、certain level of hypoxia.
E、certai level of H+
36、The correct descriptions about respiration include
A、gas exchange between human body and atmosphere.
B、consist of pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transportation, and gas exchange in the tissues.
C、respiration is the movement of respiratory muscles.
D、unicellular organism have the function of respiration.
37、Which one is correct about pulmonary pressure
A、negative during the whole process of breathing.
B、pulmonary pressure = atmosphere pressure - pulmonary elastic force
C、might be negative during respiration.
D、the change of pulmonary pressure is the driving force for the pulmonary ventilation.
E、prevent venous return
38、The correct descriptions about alveolar surfactant include
A、secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells
B、increase the alveolar surface tension.
C、distributed at the liquid-air interface of the alveoli in bimolecular layer
D、increase the pulmonary compliance.
E、most important component is protein
39、The lung elastic recoil exist
A、the end of expiration.
B、at the end of expiration
C、at the beginning of expiration
D、at the beginning of inspiration
40、Which one about the (minute) pulmonary ventilation is right
A、is equal to tidal volume times respiratory rate.
B、increase during exercise.
C、varies with the difference of sex and age.
D、the total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages in a minute.
41、the diffusion rate of gas is
A、proportional to the surface area of gas diffusion
B、proportional to the gas solubility
C、proportional to the difference of partial pressure
D、proportional to the square root of molecular weight
E、reversely proportional to the diffusion distance.
42、The correct description about pulmonary gas exchange include
A、the gas diffusion rate is reversely proportional to the thickness of respiratory membrane.
B、the gas diffusion rate is proportional to the surface area of respiratory membrane.
C、decrease of V/Q is not beneficial to the gas exchange.
D、diffusion rate is proportional to the gas solubility.
E、increse of V/Q facilitate the gas exchange.
43、The correct descriptions about the transportation of gas in the blood include
A、both O2 and CO2 are transported in two forms, physical dissolution and chemical combination.
B、The process of combination of hemoglobin and CO2 into carbaminohemoglobin is enzyme independent.
C、the major component of CO2 transported in the blood is HCO3-
D、the properties of chemical combination between O2 and Hb include rapid, reversible and enzyme dependent.
E、the major component of gas transported in the blood is in the form of chemical combination.
44、The correct descriptions about the combination of Hb with O2 include
A、The combination of Hb with O2 is oxygenation (氧合）, but not oxidation.
B、The maximal volume of O2 that could be combined with the Hb in 100 ml blood is t he O2 content of Hb.
C、there is synergistic effect between the 4 subunits of Hb in the process of combination with O2.
D、The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is in S shape.
E、one molecule Hb combines with 4 molecules of O2
45、The incorrect descriptions about pulmonary stretch reflex is
A、the effect of inflation reflex is to end the expiration and transfer to inspiration.
B、involved in the regulation of human quiet respiration.
C、the stretch receptor is located in the wall of the alveoli.
D、there is species difference, with the major effect in rabbit and minor effect in human.
E、the function of inflation reflex and deflation reflex is identical.